Soybean markers linked to phytophthora resistance

ABSTRACT

This disclosure concerns compositions and methods for identifying the  phytophthora  resistant phenotype in soybean. In some embodiments, the disclosure concerns methods for performing marker-assisted breeding and selection of plants carrying one or more determinants of  phytophthora  resistance in soybean. In some embodiments, the disclosure concerns methods for detecting  phytophthora  resistance in soybean via the use of an amplification reaction.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/777,575 which was filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 12, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file named “Markers Linked to Phytophthora”, created on Dec. 11, 2012, and having a size of 29,172 bytes and is filed concurrently with the specification. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to plant disease resistance. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to phytophthora resistance in soybean. In particular embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions and methods for identifying a phytophthora resistance trait in an organism. Examples include molecular markers that are tightly linked to phytophthora resistance traits and amplification detection assays that can detect the molecular markers that are tightly linked to phytophthora resistance traits. Further embodiments relate to compositions and methods for introducing a phytophthora resistance trait into a host organism, for example, by using molecular markers tightly linked to phytophthora resistance.

BACKGROUND

The soybean, Glycine max, is one of the major economic crops grown worldwide as a primary source of vegetable oil and protein. Growing demand for low cholesterol and high fiber diets has increased soybean's importance as a food. Over 10,000 soybean varieties have now been introduced into the United States, of which a limited number form the genetic base of lines developed from hybridization and selection programs. Johnson and Bernard, The Soybean, Norman Ed., Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 1-73, 1963.

Phytophthora is a highly destructive disease in soybean, and is only second to soybean cyst nematode in causing damage to soybean crops. This disease causes an annual yield loss of $300 million dollars (US) in North America (Wrather, J. A., and S. R. Koenning, (2006) Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003 to 2005. J Nematol 38: 173-180), and occurs in most of the soybean-growing areas in many different countries. Phytophthora sojae, is a soilborne, oomycete pathogen and can cause Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR), pre- and post-emergence of damping-off, yellowing and wilting of lower leaves, and death of soybean plants. More than fifty-five races of P. sojae have been identified (Slaminko et al., (2010) Multi-year evaluation of commercial soybean lines for resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Plant Disease 94). Developing soybean line resistance is one of the primary methods to control this disease. The Rps1-c (50%), Rps1-k (40%), and Rps1-a (10%) traits are the most commonly used genes that are introgressed into germplasm to provide protection to P. sojae (Slaminko et al., 2010).

Markers that are linked to the phytophthora resistance trait, Rps1-k, include RFLPs, SSRs and SNPs. The markers identified in this disclosure can be used for phytophthora resistance genotyping to support a breeding program. Using the presently disclosed markers to perform phytophthora resistance genotyping in support of a breeding program provides: cost and time savings; early selection of desired progeny; and more accurate and rapid commercialization of phytophthora resistant soybean varieties.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Molecular markers that are linked to a phytophthora resistance phenotype may be used to facilitate marker-assisted selection for the phytophthora resistance trait in soybean. Marker-assisted selection provides significant advantages with respect to time, cost, and labor, when compared to phytophthora resistance phenotyping. Surprisingly, it is disclosed herein that among 115 SNP markers identified to be within or near the phytophthora disease resistance QTL regions in the soybean genome that were polymorphic in parent genotypes, only 10 were linked to the phytophthora resistance trait. These 10 SNP markers offer superior utility in marker-assisted selection of phytophthora resistant soybean varieties.

Described herein as embodiments are nucleic acid molecular markers that are linked to (e.g., linked; tightly linked; or extremely tightly linked) a phytophthora resistance phenotype. In particular embodiments, the molecular markers may be SNP markers. Also described herein are methods of using nucleic acid molecular markers that are linked to a phytophthora resistance phenotype, for example and without limitation, to identify plants with a phytophthora resistance phenotype; to introduce a phytophthora resistance phenotype into new plant genotypes (e.g., through marker-assisted breeding or genetic transformation); and to cultivate plants that are likely to have a phytophthora resistance phenotype.

In one embodiment, are means for introducing a phytophthora resistance phenotype to soybean and means for identifying plants having a phytophthora resistance phenotype. In some embodiments, a means for introducing a phytophthora resistance phenotype into soybean may be a marker that is linked (e.g., linked; tightly linked; or extremely tightly linked) to a phytophthora resistance phenotype. In some embodiments, a means for identifying plants having a phytophthora resistance phenotype may be a probe that specifically hybridizes to a marker that is linked (e.g., linked; tightly linked; or extremely tightly linked) to a phytophthora resistance phenotype.

In one embodiment, methods of identifying a soybean plant that displays resistance to phytophthora infestation, comprising detecting in germplasm of the soybean plant at least one allele of a marker locus are provided. The marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582; and at least one allele is associated with phytophthora resistance. The marker locus can be selected from any of the following marker loci NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582, as well as any other marker that is linked to these markers. The marker locus can be found on chromosome 3, within the interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582, and comprises at least one allele that is associated with phytophthora resistance. Soybean plants identified by this method are also of interest.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying soybean plants with resistance to phytophthora infestation by detecting a haplotype in the germplasm of the soybean plant are provided. The haplotype comprises alleles at one or more marker loci, wherein the one or more marker loci are found on chromosome 3 within the interval comprising and, flanked by, PZE-NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582. The haplotype comprises alleles at one or more marker loci, wherein the one or more marker loci are found on chromosome 3 and are selected from the group consisting NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582. The haplotype is associated with phytophthora resistance.

In a further embodiment, methods of selecting plants with resistance to phytophthora infestation are provided. In one aspect, a first soybean plant is obtained that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein the allele is associated with phytophthora resistance. The marker locus can be found on chromosome 3, within the interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582. The first soybean plant can be crossed to a second soybean plant, and the progeny resulting from the cross can be evaluated for the allele of the first soybean plant. Progeny plants that possess the allele from the first soybean plant can be selected as having resistance to phytophthora. Soybean plants selected by this method are also of interest.

Also described herein are plants and plant materials that are derived from plants having a phytophthora resistance phenotype as identified using molecular markers described herein. Thus, soybean plants that are produced by marker-assisted selection using one or more molecular marker(s) that are linked to a phytophthora resistance phenotype are described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the strategy of Rps1-k specific SNP marker development.

FIG. 2 includes an example of the results of a distribution graph of a KASPAR™ assay that was sorted based on Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU).

FIG. 3 includes the physical map of polymorphic SNPs markers identified on chromosome 3. BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628 was located roughly at the same locus as BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631. FIG. 3 further illustrates a chromosomal interval. This interval, located on chromosome 3, comprises and is flanked by PZE-NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582. A subinterval of chromosomal interval NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582 is NCSB_(—)000575 and Gmax7×259_(—)44054.

FIG. 4 describes a distribution graph, based on Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU), of the Rps1-k TAQMAN™ specific assay developed from the SNP marker, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Overview of Several Embodiments

Particular embodiments include ten exemplary SNP markers (NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582) that show co-segregation with the phytophthora resistance trait, Rps1-k, in the tested soybean lines.

Markers that co-segregate with phytophthora resistance are linked to this trait, and therefore may be useful in marker-assisted selection and breeding. Also disclosed herein is a strategy used to identify the exemplary SNP markers linked to phytophthora resistance. In addition, an amplification detection assay that can detect the exemplary SNP markers is disclosed herein. The physical map positions of these exemplary SNP markers in the Glycine max genome are provided. Using the exemplary SNP markers described herein, a specific fret-based amplification assay using the KBiosciences Competitive Allele-Specific PCR SNP genotyping system (KASPAR™) and the TAQMAN™ hydrolysis probe assay was developed to rapidly and accurately identify plants carrying the phytophthora resistance trait. While embodiments of the disclosure are described with reference to the exemplary SNP markers linked to phytophthora resistance, those of skill in the art will appreciate that additional, equivalent markers may be identified using the techniques described herein. SNP markers linked to phytophthora resistance may be used, for example, in phytophthora genotyping to select phytophthora resistant plants from soybean breeding populations.

Phytophthora infestation may be caused by one or more different strains of Phytophthora spp. The resistance for this disease may be provided by different resistant genes located on different linkage groups. See, e.g., Table 1.

The strategy described herein is used to identify markers in other unknown linkage groups that are linked to phytophthora resistance. Thus, methods for identifying such markers and an amplification method for detecting the markers in plant tissue are provided. The general strategy is also used to map other traits of interest. The strategy is more efficient than traditional mapping strategies and may be particularly useful in molecular breeding programs.

TABLE 1 Sources of phytophthora resistance reported in the literature. Linkage Chromosomal Locus Group Location Reference Rps1 N Gm03 Bernard, R. L. (1957) Agron. J. 49:391 Rps2 J Gm16 Kilen, T. C. (1974) Crop Sci. 14:260-262. Rps3 F Gm13 Mueller, E. H. (1978) Phytopathology 68:1318-1322. Rps4 G Gm18 Athow, K. L. (1980) Phytopathology 70: 977-980. Rps5 G Gm18 Buzzell, R. I. (1981) Soybean Genet. Newsl. 8:30-33. Rps6 G Gm18 Athow, K. L. (1982) Phytopathology 72: 1564-1567. Rps7 N Gm18 Anderson, T. R. (1992) Plant Dis. 76: 958-959. Rps8 A2 or F Gm08 Burnham, K. D. (2003) Crop Sci. 43: 101-105.

II. Terms

Mapping population: As used herein, the term “mapping population” may refer to a plant population used for gene mapping. Mapping populations are typically obtained from controlled crosses of parent genotypes. Decisions on the selection of parents and mating design for the development of a mapping population, and the type of markers used, depend upon the gene to be mapped, the availability of markers, and the molecular map. The parents of plants within a mapping population must have sufficient variation for the trait(s) of interest at both the nucleic acid sequence and phenotype level. Variation of the parents' nucleic acid sequence is used to trace recombination events in the plants of the mapping population. The availability of informative polymorphic markers is dependent upon the amount of nucleic acid sequence variation.

Backcrossing: Backcrossing methods may be used to introduce a nucleic acid sequence into plants. The backcrossing technique has been widely used for decades to introduce new traits into plants. Jensen, N., Ed. Plant Breeding Methodology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (non-recurrent parent) that carries a gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent, and the process is repeated until a plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent plant are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred gene from the non-recurrent parent.

The term “allele” refers to one of two or more different nucleotide sequences that occur at a specific locus.

An “amplicon” is amplified nucleic acid, e.g., a nucleic acid that is produced by amplifying a template nucleic acid by any available amplification method (e.g., PCR, LCR, transcription, or the like).

The term “amplifying” in the context of nucleic acid amplification is any process whereby additional copies of a selected nucleic acid for a transcribed form thereof) are produced. Typical amplification methods include various polymerase based replication methods, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase mediated methods such as the ligase chain reaction (LCR) and RNA polymerase based amplification (e.g., by transcription) methods.

The term “assemble” applies to BACs and their propensities for coming together to form contiguous stretches of DNA. A BAC “assembles” to a contig based on sequence alignment, if the BAC is sequenced, or via the alignment of its BAC fingerprint to the fingerprints of other BACs. The assemblies can be found using the Phytozome website, which is publicly available on the internet.

A “haplotype” is the genotype of an individual at a plurality of genetic loci, i.e. a combination of alleles. Typically, the genetic loci described by a haplotype are physically and genetically linked, i.e., on the same chromosome segment. The term “haplotype” can refer to sequence, polymorphisms at a particular locus, such as a single marker locus, or sequence polymorphisms at multiple loci along a chromosomal segment in a given genome. The former can also be referred to as “marker haplotypes” or “marker alleles”, while the latter can be referred to as “long-range haplotypes”.

An allele is “associated with” a trait when it is linked to it and when the presence of the allele is an indicator that the desired trait or trait form will occur in a plant comprising the allele.

KBiosciences Competitive Allele-Specific PCR SNP genotyping system (KASPAR™): KASPAR™ is a commercially available homogeneous fluorescent system for determining SNP genotypes (KBiosciences Ltd., Hoddesdon, UK). A KASPAR™ assay comprises an SNP-specific “assay mix,” which contains three unlabelled primers, and a “reaction mix,” which contains all the other required components; for example, a universal fluorescent reporting system. In addition to these mixes, the user provides, inter alia, a FRET-capable plate reader, microtitre plate(s), and DNA samples that contain about 5 ng/L DNA.

Chromosomal interval: A chromosomal interval designates a contiguous linear span of genomic DNA that resides in planta on a single chromosome. The genetic elements or genes located on a single chromosomal interval are physically linked. The size of a chromosomal interval is not particularly limited. In some aspects, the genetic elements located within a single chromosomal interval are genetically linked, typically with a genetic recombination distance of, for example, less than or equal to 20 cM, or alternatively, less than or equal to 10 cM. That is, two genetic elements within a single chromosomal interval undergo recombination at a frequency of less than or equal to 20% or 10%.

The term “chromosomal interval” designates any and all intervals defined by any of the markers set forth in this invention. A chromosomal interval that correlates with phytophthora resistance is provided. This interval, located on chromosome 3, comprises and is flanked by PZE-NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582. A subinterval of chromosomal interval NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582 is NCSB_(—)000575 and Gmax7×259_(—)44054.

A typical KASPAR™ assay comprises the steps of: allele-specific primer design; preparation of reaction mix including the allele-specific primers; admixing the reaction mix to DNA samples in a microtitre plate; thermocycling; reading the plate in a fluorescent plate reader; and plotting and scoring the fluorescent data. Data from each sample are plotted together on a 2-D graph, where the x- and y-axes correspond to fluorophore excitation. Samples having the same SNP genotype cluster together on the plot (i.e., A/A; A/a; and a/a). More technical information about the KASPAR™ system, including a guide of solutions to common problems, is obtainable from KBiosciences Ltd. (e.g., the KASPar SNP Genotyping System Reagent Manual).

The TAQMAN™ hydrolysis probe assay is another commercially available homogeneous fluorescent system for determining SNP genotypes (Roche Technologies, Indianapolis, Ind.). A TAQMAN™ reaction relies on the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of the Taq polymerase to cleave a FRET oligonucleotide probe during hybridization of the probe to a complementary target sequence. The dual-labeled oligonucleotide probe is designed to overlap the SNP molecular marker. The dual-labeled probe contains both a fluorophore and a quencher. The release of the fluorophore and the resulting separation of the fluorophore from the quencher allows the fluorophore to release a fluorescent signal. The fluorescent signal indicates the presence of the flanking/transgene insert sequence due to successful amplification and hybridization.

As in other real-time PCR methods, the resulting fluorescence signal permits quantitative measurements of the accumulation of the product during the exponential stages of the PCR. The TAQMAN™ assay comprises an assay mix, which contains two unlabelled primers and a dual-labeled probe, and all the other required components. In addition to these mixes, the user provides, inter alia, a FRET-capable plate reader, microtitre plate(s), and DNA samples.

Linked, tightly linked, and extremely tightly linked: As used herein, linkage between genes or markers may refer to the phenomenon in which genes or markers on a chromosome show a measurable probability of being passed on together to individuals in the next generation. The closer two genes or markers are to each other, the closer to (1) this probability becomes. Thus, the term “linked” may refer to one or more genes or markers that are passed together with a gene with a probability greater than 0.5 (which is expected from independent assortment where markers/genes are located on different chromosomes). When the presence of a gene contributes to a phenotype in a plant, markers that are linked to the gene may be said to be linked to the phenotype. Thus, the term “linked” may refer to a relationship between a marker and a gene, or between a marker and a phenotype.

Because the proximity of two genes or markers on a chromosome is directly related to the probability that the genes or markers will be passed together to individuals in the next generation, the term “linked” may also refer herein to one or more genes or markers that are located within about 2.0 Mb of one another on the same chromosome. Thus, two “linked” genes or markers may be separated by about 2.1 Mb; 2.00 Mb; about 1.95 Mb; about 1.90 Mb; about 1.85 Mb; about 1.80 Mb; about 1.75 Mb; about 1.70 Mb; about 1.65 Mb; about 1.60 Mb; about 1.55 Mb; about 1.50 Mb; about 1.45 Mb; about 1.40 Mb; about 1.35 Mb; about 1.30 Mb; about 1.25 Mb; about 1.20 Mb; about 1.15 Mb; about 1.10 Mb; about 1.05 Mb; about 1.00 Mb; about 0.95 Mb; about 0.90 Mb; about 0.85 Mb; about 0.80 Mb; about 0.75 Mb; about 0.70 Mb; about 0.65 Mb; about 0.60 Mb; about 0.55 Mb; about 0.50 Mb; about 0.45 Mb; about 0.40 Mb; about 0.35 Mb; about 0.30 Mb; about 0.25 Mb; about 0.20 Mb; about 0.15 Mb; about 0.10 Mb; about 0.05 Mb; about 0.025 Mb; and about 0.01 Mb. Particular examples of markers that are “linked” to the phytophthora phenotype in soybean include nucleotide sequences on chromosome 3 (linkage group N) of the soybean genome.

As used herein, the term “tightly linked” may refer to one or more genes or markers that are located within about 0.5 Mb of one another on the same chromosome. Thus, two “tightly linked” genes or markers may be separated by about 0.6 Mb; about 0.55 Mb; 0.5 Mb; about 0.45 Mb; about 0.4 Mb; about 0.35 Mb; about 0.3 Mb; about 0.25 Mb; about 0.2 Mb; about 0.15 Mb; about 0.1 Mb; and about 0.05 Mb.

As used herein, the term “extremely tightly linked” may refer to one or more genes or markers that are located within about 100 kb of one another on the same chromosome. Thus, two “extremely tightly linked” genes or markers may be separated by about 125 kb; about 120 kb; about 115 kb; about 110 kb; about 105 kb; 100 kb; about 95 kb; about 90 kb; about 85 kb; about 80 kb; about 75 kb; about 70 kb; about 65 kb; about 60 kb; about 55 kb; about 50 kb; about 45 kb; about 40 kb; about 35 kb; about 30 kb; about 25 kb; about 20 kb; about 15 kb; about 10 kb; about 5 kb; and about 1 kb.

In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that markers linked to a particular gene or phenotype include those markers that are tightly linked, and those markers that are extremely tightly linked, to the gene or phenotype. Linked, tightly linked, and extremely tightly genetic markers of the phytophthora phenotype may be useful in marker-assisted breeding programs to identify phytophthora resistant soybean varieties, and to breed this trait into other soybean varieties to confer phytophthora resistance.

Locus: As used herein, the term “locus” refers to a position on the genome that corresponds to a measurable characteristic (e.g., a trait). An SNP locus is defined by a probe that hybridizes to DNA contained within the locus.

Marker: As used herein, a marker refers to a gene or nucleotide sequence that can be used to identify plants having a particular allele. A marker may be described as a variation at a given genomic locus. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, or “SNP”), or a long one, for example, a microsatellite/simple sequence repeat (“SSR”). A “marker allele” refers to the version of the marker that is present in a particular individual.

The term marker as used herein may refer to a cloned segment of soybean chromosomal DNA, and may also or alternatively refer to a DNA molecule that is complementary to a cloned segment of soybean chromosomal DNA.

In some embodiments, the presence of a marker in a plant may be detected through the use of a nucleic acid probe. A probe may be a DNA molecule or an RNA molecule. RNA probes can be synthesized by means known in the art, for example, using a DNA molecule template. A probe may contain all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the marker and additional, contiguous nucleotide sequence from the plant genome. This is referred to herein as a “contiguous probe.” The additional, contiguous nucleotide sequence is referred to as “upstream” or “downstream” of the original marker, depending on whether the contiguous nucleotide sequence from the plant chromosome is on the 5′ or the 3′ side of the original marker, as conventionally understood. As is recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, the process of obtaining additional, contiguous nucleotide sequence for inclusion in a marker may be repeated nearly indefinitely (limited only by the length of the chromosome), thereby identifying additional markers along the chromosome. All above-described markers may be used in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

An oligonucleotide probe sequence may be prepared synthetically or by cloning. Suitable cloning vectors are well-known to those of skill in the art. An oligonucleotide probe may be labeled or unlabeled. A wide variety of techniques exist for labeling nucleic acid molecules, including, for example and without limitation: radiolabeling by nick translation; random priming; tailing with terminal deoxytransferase; or the like, where the nucleotides employed are labeled, for example, with radioactive ³²P. Other labels which may be used include, for example and without limitation: Fluorophores (e.g., FAM and VIC); enzymes; enzyme substrates; enzyme cofactors; enzyme inhibitors; and the like. Alternatively, the use of a label that provides a detectable signal, by itself or in conjunction with other reactive agents, may be replaced by ligands to which receptors bind, where the receptors are labeled (for example, by the above-indicated labels) to provide detectable signals, either by themselves, or in conjunction with other reagents. See, e.g., Leary et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4045-9.

A probe may contain a nucleotide sequence that is not contiguous to that of the original marker; this probe is referred to herein as a “noncontiguous probe.” The sequence of the noncontiguous probe is located sufficiently close to the sequence of the original marker on the genome so that the noncontiguous probe is genetically linked to the same gene or trait (e.g., phytophthora resistance). For example, in some embodiments, a noncontiguous probe is located within 500 kb; 450 kb; 400 kb; 350 kb; 300 kb; 250 kb; 200 kb; 150 kb; 125 kb; 100 kb; 0.9 kb; 0.8 kb; 0.7 kb; 0.6 kb; 0.5 kb; 0.4 kb; 0.3 kb; 0.2 kb; or 0.1 kb of the original marker on the soybean genome.

A probe may be an exact copy of a marker to be detected. A probe may also be a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or consisting of, a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to a cloned segment of the subject organism's (for example, soybean) chromosomal DNA. As used herein, the term “substantially identical” may refer to nucleotide sequences that are more than 85% identical. For example, a substantially identical nucleotide sequence may be 85.5%; 86%; 87%; 88%; 89%; 90%; 91%; 92%; 93%; 94%; 95%; 96%; 97%; 98%; 99% or 99.5% identical to the reference sequence.

A probe may also be a nucleic acid molecule that is “specifically hybridizable” or “specifically complementary” to an exact copy of the marker to be detected (“DNA target”). “Specifically hybridizable” and “specifically complementary” are terms that indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between the nucleic acid molecule and the DNA target. A nucleic acid molecule need not be 100% complementary to its target sequence to be specifically hybridizable. A nucleic acid molecule is specifically hybridizable when there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the nucleic acid to non-target sequences under conditions where specific binding is desired, for example, under stringent hybridization conditions.

Hybridization conditions resulting in particular degrees of stringency will vary depending upon the nature of the hybridization method of choice and the composition and length of the hybridizing nucleic acid sequences. Generally, the temperature of hybridization and the ionic strength (especially the Na⁺ and/or Mg⁺⁺ concentration) of the hybridization buffer will determine the stringency of hybridization, though wash times also influence stringency. Calculations regarding hybridization conditions required for attaining particular degrees of stringency are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are discussed, for example, in Sambrook et al. (ed.) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, chapters 9 and 11; and Hames and Higgins (eds.) Nucleic Acid Hybridization, IRL Press, Oxford, 1985. Further detailed instruction and guidance with regard to the hybridization of nucleic acids may be found, for example, in Tijssen, “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays,” in Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2, Elsevier, NY, 1993; and Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, NY, 1995.

As used herein, “stringent conditions” encompass conditions under which hybridization will only occur if there is less than 50% mismatch between the hybridization molecule and the DNA target. “Stringent conditions” include further particular levels of stringency. Thus, as used herein, “moderate stringency” conditions are those under which molecules with more than 50% sequence mismatch will not hybridize; conditions of “high stringency” are those under which sequences with more than 20% mismatch will not hybridize; and conditions of “very high stringency” are those under which sequences with more than 10% mismatch will not hybridize.

The following are representative, non-limiting hybridization conditions.

Very High Stringency (detects sequences that share at least 90% sequence identity): Hybridization in 5×SSC buffer at 65° C. for 16 hours; wash twice in 2×SSC buffer at room temperature for 15 minutes each; and wash twice in 0.5×SSC buffer at 65° C. for 20 minutes each.

High Stringency (detects sequences that share at least 80% sequence identity): Hybridization in 5×-6×SSC buffer at 65-70° C. for 16-20 hours; wash twice in 2×SSC buffer at room temperature for 5-20 minutes each; and wash twice in 1×SSC buffer at 55-70° C. for 30 minutes each.

Moderate Stringency (detects sequences that share at least 50% sequence identity): Hybridization in 6×SSC buffer at room temperature to 55° C. for 16-20 hours; wash at least twice in 2×-3×SSC buffer at room temperature to 55° C. for 20-30 minutes each.

With respect to all probes discussed, supra, the probe may comprise additional nucleic acid sequences, for example, promoters; transcription signals; and/or vector sequences. Any of the probes discussed, supra, may be used to define additional markers that are tightly-linked to a gene involved in phytophthora resistance, and markers thus identified may be equivalent to exemplary markers named in the present disclosure, and thus are within the scope of the disclosure.

Marker-assisted breeding: As used herein, the term “marker-assisted breeding” may refer to an approach to breeding directly for one or more complex traits (e.g., phytophthora resistance). In current practice, plant breeders attempt to identify easily detectable traits, such as flower color, seed coat appearance, or isozyme variants that are linked to an agronomically desired trait. The plant breeders then follow the agronomic trait in the segregating, breeding populations by following the segregation of the easily detectable trait. However, there are few of these linkage relationships available for use in plant breeding.

Marker-assisted breeding provides a time- and cost-efficient process for improvement of plant varieties. Several examples of the application of marker-assisted breeding involve the use of isozyme markers. See, e.g., Tanksley and Orton, eds. (1983) Isozymes in Plant Breeding and Genetics, Amsterdam: Elsevier. One example is an isozyme marker associated with a gene for resistance to a nematode pest in tomato. The resistance, controlled by a gene designated Mi, is located on chromosome 6 of tomato and is very tightly linked to Aps1, an acid phosphatase isozyme. Use of the Aps1 isozyme marker to indirectly select for the Mi gene provided the advantages that segregation in a population can be determined unequivocally with standard electrophoretic techniques; the isozyme marker can be scored in seedling tissue, obviating the need to maintain plants to maturity; and co-dominance of the isozyme marker alleles allows discrimination between homozygotes and heterozygotes. See, e.g., Rick (1983) in Tanksley and Orton, supra.

Quantitative trait locus: As used herein, the term “Quantitative trait locus” (QTL) may refer to stretches of DNA that have been identified as likely DNA sequences (e.g., genes, non-coding sequences, and/or intergenic sequences) that underlie a quantitative trait, or phenotype, that varies in degree, and can be attributed to the interactions between two or more DNA sequences (e.g., genes, non-coding sequences, and/or intergenic sequences) or their expression products and their environment. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) can be molecularly identified to help map regions of the genome that contain sequences involved in specifying a quantitative trait.

As used herein, the term “QTL interval” may refer to stretches of DNA that are linked to the genes that underlie the QTL trait. A QTL interval is typically, but not necessarily, larger than the QTL itself. A QTL interval may contain stretches of DNA that are 5′ and/or 3′ with respect to the QTL.

Sequence identity: The term “sequence identity” or “identity,” as used herein in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, may refer to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.

As used herein, the term “percentage of sequence identity” may refer to the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences (e.g., nucleic acid sequences) over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleotide or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the comparison window, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Methods for aligning sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in, for example: Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482; Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443; Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:2444; Higgins and Sharp (1988) Gene 73:237-44; Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5:151-3; Corpet et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881-90; Huang et al. (1992) Comp. Appl. Biosci. 8:155-65; Pearson et al. (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24:307-31; Tatiana et al. (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 174:247-50. A detailed consideration of sequence alignment methods and homology calculations can be found in, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST™; Altschul et al. (1990)) is available from several sources, including the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, Md.), and on the internet, for use in connection with several sequence analysis programs. A description of how to determine sequence identity using this program is available on the internet under the “help” section for BLAST™. For comparisons of nucleic acid sequences, the “Blast 2 sequences” function of the BLAST™ (Blastn) program may be employed using the default BLOSUM62 matrix set to default parameters. Nucleic acid sequences with even greater similarity to the reference sequences will show increasing percentage identity when assessed by this method.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism: As used herein, the term “single-nucleotide polymorphism” (SNP) may refer to a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species or paired chromosomes in an individual. Within a population, SNPs can be assigned a minor allele frequency that is the lowest allele frequency at a locus that is observed in a particular population. This is simply the lesser of the two allele frequencies for single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Different populations are expected to exhibit at least slightly different allele frequencies. Particular populations may exhibit significantly different allele frequencies. In some examples, markers linked to phytophthora resistance are SNP markers.

SNPs may fall within coding sequences of genes, non-coding regions of genes, or in the intergenic regions between genes. SNPs within a coding sequence will not necessarily change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is produced, due to degeneracy of the genetic code. An SNP in which both forms lead to the same polypeptide sequence is termed “synonymous” (sometimes called a silent mutation). If a different polypeptide sequence is produced, they are termed “non-synonymous.” A non-synonymous change may either be missense or nonsense, where a missense change results in a different amino acid, and a nonsense change results in a premature stop codon. SNPs that are not in protein-coding regions may still have consequences for gene splicing, transcription factor binding, or the sequence of non-coding RNA. SNPs are usually biallelic and thus easily assayed in plants and animals. Sachidanandam (2001) Nature 409:928-33.

Trait or phenotype: The terms “trait” and “phenotype” are used interchangeably herein. For the purposes of the present disclosure, a trait of particular interest is phytophthora resistance.

III. QTL-Based Identification of Markers Linked to a Trait of Interest

A. Overview

In some embodiments, a trait (e.g., phytophthora resistance) is mapped using a strategy that is different from traditional mapping approaches. For example, a trait may be mapped according to a strategy that, for the sake of convenience, may be described as comprising 4 steps. In a first step, QTL interval target regions that correspond to a trait (e.g., Rps1-k) to be mapped may be determined. In a second step, markers (e.g., SNP markers) may be selected which are located within or near determined QTL intervals of the target genome (e.g., soybean genome). In a third step, specific primers may be designed that facilitate the genotyping of individual subjects with respect to selected markers. In particular examples, specific primers are designed for use in a KASPAR™ or TAQMAN™ genotyping assay in phytophthora resistant and susceptible soybean lines. In a fourth step, populations that show segregation for the trait may be screened using the specific primers to identify those markers that are linked to the trait. See, e.g., FIG. 1.

B. Markers Linked to a Trait of Interest and the Identification Thereof.

Determination of QTL interval target regions and identification of markers.

QTLs may be determined by any technique available to those of skill in the art. For example, the physical positions of a QTL that corresponds to a particular trait of interest may be initially determined by reference to the location of genes that are known to contribute to the particular trait. In some embodiments, phytophthora resistance genes may be identified on different regions of chromosome 3. In some embodiments, the initially identified QTLs are grouped or divided into a less complicated or extensive list of QTLs that may have boundaries in the genome that are the same or different than the boundaries of the initially identified QTLs.

In some embodiments, a region of DNA may be selected that is likely to contain markers that are linked to the QTL trait. This region may be referred to as a QTL interval. For example, a QTL interval may be a region of DNA that includes the QTL and additional genomic DNA that is near the QTL in either, or both, the 5′ and 3′ directions. In some embodiments, a QTL interval may be about 4 Mb; about 3.5 Mb; about 3 Mb; about 2.5 Mb; about 2 Mb; about 1.5 Mb; 1 Mb; 0.5 Mb; or about 0.25 Mb.

In particular embodiments, the target genome may be searched to identify markers that are physically located in, near, or between the QTLs and QTL intervals. If a reference map containing the location of known markers is available for the target genome, the reference map may be used to identify markers. Nucleic acid sequences of the target genome may also be searched, for example, by software such as BLAST™. In some embodiments, SNP markers may be identified. In some embodiments, markers may be identified that are physically located in, near, or between QTLs and QTL intervals of the soybean genome that correspond to the phytophthora resistance trait. In particular examples, identified SNP markers that are physically located in, near, or between QTLs and QTL intervals of the soybean genome that correspond to the phytophthora resistance trait may be selected from the group consisting of the markers identified as being linked to phytophthora resistance and listed in Table 4A.

In other embodiments, particular markers may be selected from the identified markers that are physically located in, near, or between QTLs and QTL intervals that correspond to a trait of interest, which markers are polymorphic among the parental lines from which a mapping population will be generated. Polymorphism of a given marker among the parental lines is directly related to the ability to trace recombination events in a mapping population produced from the parental lines.

In particular examples, polymorphic markers among parental soybean lines are selected to screen phytophthora resistance mapping populations to determine which, if any, of the polymorphic markers are linked to the phytophthora resistance trait. Such markers may segregate so that one allele of the SNP marker appears exclusively in phytophthora resistant individuals, and the other allele of the SNP marker appears exclusively in phytophthora susceptible individuals. Mapping populations may be generated by crossing one variety that is phytophthora resistant with another variety that is phytophthora susceptible. In embodiments, a mapping population may comprise about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, about 500, or more individuals. In some embodiments, phytophthora resistant soybean germplasm may be crossed with one or more phytophthora susceptible germplasm(s) to create mapping populations.

In some embodiments, the polymorphic markers may be single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to or within the gene or QTL corresponding to the phytophthora resistance trait of interest. These SNP markers may be detected by sequencing through the region containing the gene or QTL using any DNA sequencing methods known in the art, including but not limited to Sanger sequencing or high throughput sequencing (“Next Generation”) methodologies that enable short or long sequence reads through the region of interest. In such embodiments, where genotyping by sequencing is used for the detection of SNP markers, primers corresponding to the flanking sequences of the region containing the SNPs in gene or QTL of interest may be used for the sequencing chemistries in order to sequence through the region of interest. In such embodiments, when different genotypes are used for sequencing through the region of interest for the detection of SNPs exemplified herein, other SNPs may be identified in addition to the SNPs exemplified herein. In such embodiments, the SNPs exemplified herein by themselves (individual SNPs) or in combination with other SNPs linked to exemplified sequences (haplotypes) may be utilized for differentiating genotypes towards marker assisted selection of plants for the phytophthora resistance trait of interest.

Primer Design and Linkage Screening.

Oligonucleotide probes or primers may be designed to specifically detect markers that are physically located in, near, or between QTLs and QTL intervals that correspond to a trait of interest. In general, an oligonucleotide probe or primer may be designed that specifically hybridizes to only one allele of a marker. In some embodiments, two sets of oligonucleotide probes and primers are designed to detect an SNP marker, such that each specifically hybridizes to the SNP allele to which the other probe and primer does not specifically hybridize. As is understood by those of skill in the art, the length or composition of oligonucleotide probe and primers for a particular marker may be varied according to established principles without rendering the probe non-specific for one allele of the marker.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide probes may be primers. In specific embodiments, primers may be designed to detect markers in a KASPAR™ genotyping assay. In particular embodiments, primers may be designed to detect markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in soybean using a KASPAR™ genotyping assay. In these and further embodiments, the detection system may provide a high-throughput and convenient format for genotyping individuals in a mapping population, which may greatly facilitate the identification of individuals carrying a particular gene or trait, and may also greatly facilitate the implementation or execution of a marker-assisted selection program.

In specific embodiments, the oligonucleotide probes may be primers designed to detect markers in a TAQMAN® genotyping assay. This method utilizes primers specific to the marker closely linked to the phytophthora resistance gene and fluorescent labeled probes containing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The SNP probe associated with resistance is labeled with a fluorescent dye such as FAM while the probe associated with susceptibility is labeled with a different fluorescent dye such as VIC. The data is analyzed as the presence or absence of a fluorescent dye signal. The detection system may provide a high-throughput and convenient format such as multiplexing for genotyping individuals in a mapping population, which may greatly facilitate the identification of individuals carrying a particular gene or trait, and may also greatly facilitate the implementation or execution of a marker-assisted selection program.

Additional markers may be identified as equivalent to any of the exemplary markers named herein, for example, by determining the frequency of recombination between the exemplary marker and an additional marker. Such determinations may utilize a method of orthogonal contrasts based on the method of Mather (1931), The Measurement of Linkage in Heredity, Methuen & Co., London, followed by a test of maximum likelihood to determine a recombination frequency. Allard (1956) Hilgardia 24:235-78. If the value of the recombination frequency is less than or equal to 0.10 (i.e., 10%), then the additional marker is considered equivalent to the particular exemplary marker for the purposes of use in the presently disclosed methods.

Markers that are linked to any and all phytophthora resistance genes may be identified in embodiments of the disclosure. Further, markers that control any and all of resistance contributing loci for all phytophthora races may be identified in embodiments of the disclosure.

A means for providing phytophthora resistance in soybean may be an SNP marker allele, the detection of which SNP marker allele in soybean plants provides at least a strong indication that the plant comprising the nucleic acid sequence has the phytophthora resistance phenotype. In some examples, a means for providing phytophthora resistance in soybean is a marker selected from the group consisting of the markers described as being linked to phytophthora resistance listed in Table 4A. In particular examples, a means for providing phytophthora resistance in soybean is a marker selected from the group consisting of NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582.

A means for identifying soybean plants having the phytophthora resistance phenotype may be a molecule that presents a detectable signal when added to a sample obtained from a soybean plant having the phytophthora resistance genotype, but which means does not present a detectable signal when added to a sample obtained from a soybean plant that does not have the phytophthora resistance phenotype. Specific hybridization of nucleic acids is a detectable signal, and a nucleic acid probe that specifically hybridizes to an SNP marker allele that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype may therefore be a means for identifying soybean plants having the phytophthora resistance phenotype. In some examples, a means for identifying soybean plants having the phytophthora resistance phenotype is a probe that specifically hybridizes to a marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype.

B. Methods of Using Markers Linked to a Trait of Interest

Methods of using nucleic acid molecular markers that are linked to a trait of interest (e.g., phytophthora resistance in soybean) to identify plants having the trait of interest may result in a cost savings for plant breeders and producers, because such methods may eliminate the need to phenotype individual plants generated during development (for example, by crossing soybean plant varieties having phytophthora resistance with vulnerable plant varieties).

In particular embodiments, markers linked to phytophthora resistance in soybean may be used to transfer segment(s) of DNA that contain one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance. In particular embodiments, the markers may be selected from a group of markers comprising the markers listed in Table 4A and markers that are their equivalents. In some embodiments, a marker may be selected from the group consisting of NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582. In some embodiments, a method for using markers linked to phytophthora resistance in soybean to transfer segment(s) of DNA that contain one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance may comprise analyzing the genomic DNA of two parent plants with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype; sexually crossing the two parental plant genotypes to obtain a progeny population, and analyzing those progeny for the presence of the markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype; backcrossing the progeny that contain the markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype to the recipient genotype to produce a first backcross population, and then continuing with a backcrossing program until a final progeny is obtained that comprises any desired trait(s) exhibited by the parent genotype and the phytophthora resistance phenotype. In particular embodiments, individual progeny obtained in each crossing and backcrossing step are selected by phytophthora marker analysis at each generation. In some embodiments, analysis of the genomic DNA of the two parent plants with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to phytophthora resistance phenotype reveals that one of the parent plants comprises fewer of the linked markers to which the probes specifically hybridize, or none of the linked markers to which the probes specifically hybridize. In some embodiments, individual progeny obtained in each cross and/or backcross are selected by the sequence variation of individual plants.

In some embodiments, markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype may be used to introduce one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance into a plant (e.g., soybean) by genetic transformation. In particular embodiments, the markers may be selected from a group of markers comprising the markers listed in Table 4A and markers that are their equivalents. In some embodiments, a method for introducing one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance into a plant by genetic recombination may comprise analyzing the genomic DNA of a plant (e.g., soybean) with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype to identify one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance in the plant; isolating a segment of the genomic DNA of the plant comprising the markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype, for example, by extracting the genomic DNA and digesting the genomic DNA with one or more restriction endonuclease enzymes; optionally amplifying the isolated segment of DNA; introducing the isolated segment of DNA into a cell or tissue of a host plant; and analyzing the DNA of the host plant with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype to identify the one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance in the host plant. In particular embodiments, the isolated segment of DNA may be introduced into the host plant such that it is stably integrated into the genome of the host plant.

In some embodiments, markers that are linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype may be used to introduce one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance into other organisms, for example, plants. In particular embodiments, the markers can be selected from a group of markers listed in Table 4A and markers that are their equivalents. In some embodiments, a method for introducing one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance into an organism other than soybean may comprise analyzing the genomic DNA of a plant (e.g., a soybean plant) with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype to identify one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance in the plant; isolating a segment of the genomic DNA of the plant comprising the one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance, for example, by extracting the genomic DNA and digesting the genomic DNA with one or more restriction endonuclease enzymes; optionally amplifying the isolated segment of DNA; introducing the isolated segment of DNA into an organism other than soybean; and analyzing the DNA of the organism other than soybean with probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype to identify the one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance in the organism. In other embodiments, the isolated segment of DNA may be introduced into the organism such that it is stably integrated into the genome of the organism.

In some embodiments, markers that are linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype may be used to identify a plant with one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance. In some embodiments, the plant may be a soybean plant. In particular embodiments, nucleic acid molecules (e.g., genomic DNA or mRNA) may be extracted from a plant. The extracted nucleic acid molecules may then be contacted with one or more probes that are specifically hybridizable to markers linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype. Specific hybridization of the one or more probes to the extracted nucleic acid molecules is indicative of the presence of one or more determinants of phytophthora resistance in the plant.

In some embodiments, markers that are linked to multiple determinants of phytophthora resistance may be used simultaneously. In other embodiments, markers that are linked to only one determinant of phytophthora resistance may be used. In specific examples, markers that are linked to phytophthora resistance with respect to one or more particular Phytophthora spp. may be used simultaneously For example, a plurality of markers that are linked to phytophthora resistance with respect to different Phytophthora spp. races may be used simultaneously.

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain particular features and/or embodiments. These examples should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the particular features or embodiments described.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Marker Development Strategy

The following strategy was developed to identify novel SNP markers tightly linked to Rps1-k. Nucleotide sequences which encode the two Rps1-k disease proteins, NBS-LRR type disease resistance proteins Rps1-k-1 and Rps1-k-2, were identified in GenBank (Accession No: EU450800) based on the disclosure of Gao H. and Bhattacharyya M. K. (2008) The soybean-Phytophthora resistance locus Rps1-k encompasses coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat-like genes and repetitive sequences. Gao and Bhattacharyya (2008) BMC Plant Biol 8:29. The bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequence was divided into 37 fragments of about 5 kB and each fragment was BLASTed against the soybean genomic database located on the Phytozome website (www.phytozome.com) to identify its physical location in the soybean genome. Once the physical location of Rps1-k was identified, a set of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were selected in the region from the soybean genomic database. KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR genotyping system (KASPAR™) assays were developed for the SNPs in the region and were screened against a panel of soybean plants that included Rps1-k, Rps1-a, and Rps1-c resistant and susceptible lines. By comparing the KASPAR™ genotyping data with the known phenotype of the plants from the panel, it was possible to identify the polymorphic SNP markers between Rps1-k, Rps1-a, Rps1-c resistant lines and susceptible lines. Additional validation of these selected polymorphic SNPs markers with mapping populations allowed identification of previously undescribed, novel markers that were tightly linked with Rps1-k, and are useful for soybean marker assisted selection (MAS) for phytophthora resistance. A schematic of this strategy is outlined in FIG. 1.

Example 2 Plant Material

Six mapping parents of 18 plant introduction (PI) lines were included in the marker screening panel. The panel included Rps1-k, Rps1-a, and Rps1-c resistant and susceptible lines that are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Soybean lines used in the initial Rps1-k SNP marker screening. The “Trait” column indicates which lines were susceptible or resistant to phytophthora, and identifies the trait (Rps1-k, Rps1-c, and Rps1-a) associated with the phytophthora resistant lines. Lines Entry Trait — 75357-71 susceptible — 75448 Rps1-k — 20430-74 Rps1-k — 20130-77 Rps1-c — 20281 Rps1-c — 75477 susceptible PI542044 Kunitz Rps1-k PI547677 L59-731  Rps1-a PI547405 L61-4222 Rps1-a PI547679 L61-5047 Rps1 PI547834 L75-3735 Rps1-c — Maverick Rps1-k PI547619 L75-3901 Rps1-c PI547890 L77-1794 Rps1-k PI547639 L77-2015 Rps1-k PI547646 L79-1380 Rps1-c PI547647 L79-1404 Rps1-c PI547879 L87-0482 Rps1-k PI591536 L90-8003 Rps1-k PI591534 L90-8047 Rps1-k PI591539 L91-8558 Rps1-k PI591535 L93-7290 Rps1-k PI548631 Williams susceptible PI518670 Williams79 Rps1-c

Three mapping populations were developed for use. The first population included 127 F_(2:3) lines from a cross between 75357-71 (susceptible) and 75448 (Rps1-k resistant). The second population consisted of 204 F_(2:3) lines from a cross between 20430-74 (Rps1-k resistant) and 20130-77 (Rps1-c resistant). The third population included 125 F_(2:3) lines from a cross between 20281 (Rps1-c resistant) and 75477 (susceptible).

Example 3 DNA Extraction and Sample Preparation

Eight leaf discs per soybean plant were collected at the second-node stage. The DNA was extracted using the MAGATTRACT™ DNA extraction method (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) using the BIOCEL 1800™ DNA isolation system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.). DNA was quantified using the NANODROP 8000™ Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) per manufacturer's instructions. DNA from each of the 10 F₃ progenies was pooled together per F_(2:3) line. The pooled DNA samples were diluted to 1-5 nanograms/microliter (ng/μl) for genotyping.

Example 4 Phytophthora Phenotyping

For each F_(2:3) lines, 10 seeds were grown in a greenhouse. The cotyledons of the soybean plants were infected by Phytophthora sojae, race 4. The infected plants were observed and the number of plants which survived versus plants which were susceptible to the infestation were recorded. If all 10 plants survived, the F₂ phenotype was defined as ‘r’, indicating homologous Rps1-k resistance. If all 10 plants died after infestation, the F₂ phenotype was defined as ‘s’, indicating homologous susceptible to Rps1-k . If the 10 plants produced a mixed population which was constituted of some living and some susceptible plants the F₂ phenotype was defined as ‘h’, which indicated that the plants were segregating for Rps1-k resistance.

Example 5 The KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR Genotyping System (KASPAR™)

The KASPAR™ genotyping system is comprised of two components (1) the SNP-specific assay (a combination of three unlabelled primers), and (2) the universal Reaction Mix, which contains all other required components including the universal fluorescent reporting system and a specially-developed Taq polymerase. The three primers, allele-specific 1 (A1), allele-specific 2 (A2), and common (C1), or reverse, (Table 4) were designed using the assay design algorithm of the workflow manager, Kraken (KBiosciences, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, UK).

An Assay Mix of the three primers was made, consisting of 12 micromolar (μM) each of A1 and A2 and 30 μM of C1. The universal Reaction Mix was diluted to 1× and an additional amount of MgCl₂ was added so that the final MgCl₂ concentration of Reaction Mix at 1× concentration was 1.8 millimolar (mM). DNA was dispensed into 384 well PCR plates at a concentration of 1-5 ng/μl per well and was dried down in the plates in a 65° C. oven for 1 hour and 15 minutes. The Assay Mix and universal Reaction Mix were combined in a 1:54 ratio and 4 μl was dispensed into the DNA plates using a liquid handler robot, so that the final amount of the Assay Mix in the plate was 0.07 μl and the final amount of the diluted Reaction Mix was 3.93 μl. GENEAMP PCR SYSTEM 9700™ machines (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) were used for thermocycling with the following conditions: 94° C. for 15 minutes, 20 cycles of 94° C. for 10 seconds, 57° C. for 5 seconds, 72° C. for 10 seconds; 22 cycles of 94° C. for 10 seconds, 57° C. for 20 seconds, 72° C. for 40 seconds. After thermocycling was complete, allele-specific fluorescent intensities were read using a PHERASTAR® Spectrofluorometer (BMG LabTech, Cary, N.C.) at room temperature and data was uploaded to the Kraken system for analysis.

Example 6 Genotyping Data Analysis

The KASPAR™ reaction incorporates the use of the fluorophores FAM and VIC into the A1 and A2 primers which were respectively designed to bind susceptible and resistant genotypes for each SNP marker. The passive reference dye ROX was also incorporated into the reaction to normalize variations in fluorophore signal caused by differences in well-to-well liquid volume. Using Kraken, the results of the KASPAR™ reactions for each sample was plotted on the x- and y-axes of a graph. The x-axes were plotted with samples that resulted in reactions which produced FAM fluorescence and the y-axes were plotted with samples that resulted in reactions which produced VIC fluorescence. The different resistant and susceptible genotypes were determined according to the location of each sample clusters (FIG. 2).

A total of 115 independent KASPAR™ assays were developed to detect SNPs that were identified in the 1.7 to 4.9 megabase pair (Mbp) region on chromosome 3 (Table 3). The resulting 115 KASPAR™ assays were subsequently screened on the panel of soybean lines described in Table 2. The results of this screening via the KASPAR™ assays resulted in the identification of 24 novel markers. The novel SNP markers are listed in shaded and bold text within Table 3. Next, the 24 markers were used to screen the 3 mapping populations which were described in Example 2.

TABLE 3 List of the 115 SNP markers screened on the marker screening panel.

Example 7 Mapping and Statistical Analysis

Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between the 24 SNP markers described in Table 2 and the Rps1-k resistance phenotype. JMP® 9.0 (SAS, Cary, N.C.) was used for all Chi-squared analysis. As a result of the statistical analysis of the data from the 3 mapping populations, 10 of the 24 markers were determined to be tightly linked with Rps1-k specific phytophthora resistance and produced p-values less than 0.0001. These 10 tightly linked markers are shown in Table 4A and the KASPar™ assay primer sequences are described in Table 4B. All 10 markers were polymorphic in the Rps1-k×Rps1-c soybean line mapping population and 5 were polymorphic in the Rps1-k soybean line population. The sample segregation ratio (AA:AB:BB) in the Rps1-k×Rps1-c mapping population was roughly 1:2:1 for the 10 SNPs. The Chi-squared association test data are show in Table 5 for the Rps1-k×Rps1-c mapping population and in Table 6 for the Rps1-k mapping population.

There are several explanations for the low R² values shown in Tables 5 and 6. The Rps1-k gene(s) are a class of highly clustered R genes encoding coiled coil-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR) proteins (Gao et al. 2005). The soybean genome is estimated to contain about 38 copies of similar Rps1-k gene sequences, most of which are clustered in approximately 600 kb of contiguous DNA of the Rps1-k region (Bhattacharyya et al. 2005). The identification of unique and specific nucleotide sequences for designing primers and probes from such a high number of gene copies within this gene family is challenging. The lack of readily identifiable gene-specific markers may explain the low R² values.

In addition, it is possible that Rps1-k resistance is caused by other Rps QTLs in addition to the Rps1-k gene. Partial resistance to phytophthora that is not gene-specific has been reported in many publications (Burnham et al. 2003; Ferro et al. 2006; Li et al. 2010; Ranathunge et al. 2008; Tucker et al. 2010). Currently, the phenotyping process cannot separate partial resistance from gene-specific resistance. The phenotypic complexity of this disease and the multiple copies of highly similar gene sequences make marker development more elusive and highly challenging.

JOINMAP® 4.0 (Van Ooijen, 2006) was used to construct a linkage group (LG) to confirm that the markers were mapped with the phytophthora phenotypic trait together on LG N of chromosome 3. QTL analysis was carried out using JMP® Genomics 5.0 (SAS, Cary, N.C.). QTL analysis confirmed that all the polymorphic SNPs were mapped together with Rps1-k phenotypic resistance on the same linkage group (FIG. 3).

TABLE 4 Summary of the 10 SNP markers that are used for identification of phytophthora resistant soybean lines and their KASPAR ™ primer sequences. Table 4A: Sequence of SNP Polymorphism Marker Comprising Physical Present in Phytophthora Location on Breeding SNP Marker SNP Resistance Chromosome 3 Population Gmax7 × 198_656813 A/T at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 151 2,904,738 to 1-k × 1-c 2,904,858 NCSB_000559 A/T at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 150 2,907,997 to 1-k × 1-c 2,908,117 SNP18196 A/G at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 152 3,843,406 to 1-k × 1-c and 3,843,526 1-k NCSB_000575 T/C at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 153 3,669,465 to 1-k × 1-c 3,669,585 Gmax7 × 259_44054 A/G at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 154 3,994,185 to 1-k × 1-c and 3,994,305 1-k SNP18188 T/G at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 155 3,915,214 to 1-k × 1-c 3,915,334 Gmax7 × 259_98606 A/G at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 156 3,889,538 to 1-k × 1-c 3,889,658 BARC_064351_18628 A/G at bp 95 SEQ ID NO: 157 3,826,881 to 1-k × 1-c and 3,827,418 1-k BARC_064351_18631 T/C at bp 73 SEQ ID NO: 158 3,826,881 to 1-k × 1-c and 3,827,418 1-k NCSB_000582 A/G at bp 61 SEQ ID NO: 159 4,547,450 to 1-k × 1-c and 4,547,570 1-k Table 4B: Primer Sequence Gmax7 × 198_656813_A1 SEQ ID NO: 116 Gmax7 × 198_656813_A2 SEQ ID NO: 117 Gmax7 × 198_656813_C1 SEQ ID NO: 118 NCSB_000559_A1 SEQ ID NO: 119 NCSB_000559_A2 SEQ ID NO: 120 NCSB_000559_C1 SEQ ID NO: 121 SNP18196_A1 SEQ ID NO: 122 SNP18196_A2 SEQ ID NO: 123 SNP18196_C1 SEQ ID NO: 124 NCSB_000575_A1 SEQ ID NO: 125 NCSB_000575_A2 SEQ ID NO: 126 NCSB_000575_C1 SEQ ID NO: 127 Gmax7 × 259_44054_A1 SEQ ID NO: 128 Gmax7 × 259_44054_A2 SEQ ID NO: 129 Gmax7 × 259_44054_C1 SEQ ID NO: 130 SNP18188_A1 SEQ ID NO: 131 SNP18188_A2 SEQ ID NO: 132 SNP18188_C1 SEQ ID NO: 133 Gmax7 × 259_98606_A1 SEQ ID NO: 134 Gmax7 × 259_98606_A2 SEQ ID NO: 135 Gmax7 × 259_98606_C1 SEQ ID NO: 136 BARC_064351_18628_A1 SEQ ID NO: 137 BARC_064351_18628_A2 SEQ ID NO: 138 BARC_064351_18628_C1 SEQ ID NO: 139 BARC_064351_18631_A1 SEQ ID NO: 140 BARC_064351_18631_A2 SEQ ID NO: 141 BARC_064351_18631_C1 SEQ ID NO: 142 NCSB_000582_A1 SEQ ID NO: 143 NCSB_000582_A2 SEQ ID NO: 144 NCSB_000582_C1 SEQ ID NO: 145

TABLE 5 The association tests of the 10 SNP genotypes with the Rps1-k resistant phenotypes in the Rps1-k × Rps1-c mapping population (p < 0.0001). % Variance Chromo- Resistant Chi- Explained Marker some Genotype squared (R²) LOD Gmax7 × 198_656813 3 T:T 155.32 34.97 71.08 NCSB_000559 3 T:T 168.46 37.47 77.75 SNP18196 3 G:G 149.32 51   76.46 NCSB_000575 3 C:C 193.9  43.19 87.61 Gmax7 × 259_44054 3 C:C 198.28 43.86 89.4  SNP18188 3 T:T 216.48 49.51 98.91 Gmax7 × 259_98606 3 A:A 203.62 43.91 93.47 BARC_064351_18628 3 G:G 134.26 47.94 65.12 BARC_064351_18631 3 C:C 196.44 45.33 87.77 NCSB_000582 3 G:G 200.18 44.33 91.14

TABLE 6 The association tests of the identified 5 polymorphic SNP genotypes with the Rps1-k resistant phenotypes in the Rps1-k mapping population (p < 0.0001). % Variance Chromo- Resistant Chi- Explained Marker some Genotype squared (R²) LOD SNP18196 3 G:G 78.133 25.31 33.84 Gmax7 × 259_44054 3 C:C 81.87  27.87 36.08 BARC_064351_18628 3 G:G 75.19  23.38 32.8  BARC_064351_18631 3 C:C 77.93  27.2  35.96 NCSB_000582 3 G:G 84.66  28.49 36.56

The disclosure of the ten SNP markers that are tightly linked with soybean phytophthora resistance trait, Rps1-k, provide reagents which can be utilized for the mapping of phytophthora resistance in soybean lines. The ten SNP markers were identified out of 115 SNP markers using a KASPAR™ genotyping platform. The ten SNP markers that were identified were isolated and can now be utilized to screen soybean populations for phytophthora resistance, and the zygosity of soybean plants for the phytophthora QTL. All ten of the SNP markers were mapped on chromosome 3 to linkage group N. The ten SNP markers comprise a contiguous chromosomal fragment which contains QTL for phytophthora resistance. The contiguous chromosomal fragment spans a fragment comprising base pair 2,904,738 to 4,547,450 on chromosome 3 as is illustrated in FIG. 3.

Example 8 Plant Material and DNA Extraction

The Rps1-k TAQMAN™ assay was validated using a soybean breeding population, consisting of 359 lines that were segregating for Rps1-k resistance. Genomic DNA from the soybean lines was isolated from 1 leaf disc per sample using the MAGATTRACT™ DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions.

Example 9 Endpoint TAQMAN™ Assay Development

The endpoint TAQMAN™ assay was developed for the detection of phytophthora locus Rps1-k resistance and is based on the sequence of a tightly linked Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) marker. The SNP marker, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631 (SEQ ID NO:158), was identified as linked to the Rps1-k locus on linkage group N and features a T:C SNP. The presence of the T allele indicates that soybean plants are susceptible to phytophthora infestation, while the presence of the C allele indicates that soybean plants are resistant to phytophthora infestation. The Rps1-k TAQMAN™ assay resulted in the amplification of a 72-bp fragment using the common forward primer, D-Sb-Rps1k-F, and common reverse primer, D-Sb-Rps1k-R. The oligonucleotide probe specific to the resistant allele (D-Sb-Rps1k-FM) and that of the susceptible allele (D-Sb-Rps1k-VC) bind to the amplicon between the two primers and are labeled with the FAM and VIC fluorescent reporter dyes, respectively, at the 5′ end and MGBNFQ (minor grove binding non-fluorescent quencher) as a quencher at the 3′ end. PCR products are measured using a spectrofluorometer at the end of the thermocycling program. Genotype is determined by the presence or absence of fluorescence specific to either the resistant allele or the susceptible allele. Common primers and allele specific probes were designed using Applied Biosystem's Custom Design service (Foster City, Calif.). Primer and probe sequences are listed in Table 7.

TABLE 7 List of primers and probes for Rps1-k  TAQMAN ™ endpoint assay. SEQ Name Function Sequence ID D-Sb-Rps1k-F forward  TGAAGCTGCTAAACCACCA 146 primer GAAT D-Sb-Rps1k-R reverse  AATTGCTAAGGTCAATCAC 147 primer TGAATATTGGA D-Sb-Rps1k-FM resistant  ATTCCCATAGCTCCCG 148 probe D-Sb-Rps1k-VC susceptible CATTCCCATAACTCCCG 149 probe

Example 10 PCR Conditions and Analysis

Components for a TAQMAN™ reaction containing oligonucleotides specific for Rps1-k genomic sequence are shown in Table 8. The PCR reaction mixture was prepared as a Master Mix containing all components except the DNA templates. The PCR reaction mix was dispensed into a 384-well plate (Abgene, Rochester, N.Y.). Genomic DNA templates and positive and negative controls, shown in Table 9, were then included in separate wells of the plate. The reactions was amplified in a GENAMP PCR SYSTEM 9700™ (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) under the following cycling conditions: 1 cycle at 50° C. for 2 minutes; 1 cycle at 95° C. for 10 minutes; and 35 cycles at 95° C. for 15 seconds and 60° C. for 30 seconds. Following completion of the TAQMAN™ PCR and fluorescence reading reactions, a distribution graph was generated.

Example 11 Validation of the Rps1-k TAQMAN™ Assay

The TAQMAN™ assay was validated using a soybean breeding population of 359 lines which were segregating for phytophthora resistance (FIG. 4). Homozygous samples containing the Rps1-k susceptible allele resulted in Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) readings of the VIC dye only. These samples are shown in the upper left hand cluster and have a genotype of T:T. Heterozygous samples which contain one copy of the Rps1-k susceptible allele and a second copy of the Rps1-k resistant allele are shown in the upper right hand cluster and have a genotype of T:C. Homozygous samples containing the Rps1-k resistant allele are shown in the lower right cluster and have a genotype of C:C. Samples that were heterozygous or homozygous for the Rps1-k resistant allele resulted in Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) readings for the FAM dye at least 0.5-1 unit higher than that of the no template control (NTC), which is shown in the lower left hand corner.

Genotypic calls for the population were compared with those of alternative gel-based PCR assay and the phenotypic scores which were determined from susceptibility or resistance to phytophthora infestation. The genotypes based on the TAQMAN™ assay of the breeding population corresponded with the genotypes based on the alternative gel-based PCR assay (only one sample of the 354 lines showed a discrepancy between the alternative gel-based PCR method and the novel TAQMAN™ assay).

TABLE 8 PCR mix for Rps1-k TAQMANT ™ assay Stock Final Volume Component Concentration (μl) TAQMAN ™ Genotyping 2X 2.0 Master Mix D-Sb-Rps1k-F 20 μM 0.1 D-Sb-Rps1k-R 20 μM 0.1 D-Sb-Rps1k-VC 10 μM 0.1 D-Sb-Rps1k-FM 10 μM 0.1 0.8% Polyvinylpyrrolidone — 0.6 (PVP) Sample DNA — 1.0 Total volume — 4.0

TABLE 9 Positive and negative controls for Rps1-k assay. Type of Control Description Expected Result Interpretation Master mix No DNA is added Background RFU Mix is not negative control to the reaction. readings. No PCR contaminated. products. Mut/Resistant Genomic DNA The FAM Control shows DNA positive sample known to fluorescent signal amplification control be homozygous is the only signal of the resistance for the Rps1-k observed. No VIC allele (FAM) resistance is signal present. and no added. amplification from the susceptible (VIC) allele from genomic DNA. Heterozygous Genomic DNA The FAM and Control shows DNA positive sample known to VIC signal are amplification control be heterozygous both present at of the resistant for the Rps1-k equal units. allele (FAM) resistance is and the added. susceptible allele (VIC) from genomic DNA. Wildtype/ Genomic DNA The VIC Control only Conventional sample known to fluorescent shows DNA negative be homozygous signal is the only amplification control for the Rps1-k signal observed. of the susceptibility is No FAM signal susceptible added. present. allele (VIC) and no amplification of the resistant allele (FAM) from genomic DNA.

The TAQMAN® detection method for phytophthora resistance in soybean was tested against 354 soybean lines which comprise phytophthora resistant and phytophthora susceptible phenotypes. The assay was successfully designed to specifically detect the soybean SNP marker BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631 (SEQ ID NO:158) which identifies soybean plants that are resistant to phytophthora. The event specific primers and probes can be used effectively for the detection of the soybean SNP marker BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631 (SEQ ID NO:158) and these conditions and reagents are applicable for zygosity assays.

Finally, the skilled artisan would appreciate that the TAQMAN® method described in the preceding examples is readily applicable for the detection of the other soybean SNP markers, described within this disclosure, which can be used to identify soybean plants that are resistant to phytophthora resistance. For example, the SNP markers of Table 4A provide sequences that can be used for the design of primers and probes which can be specifically used to detect the SNP marker via a TAQMAN® assay. In addition, the TAQMAN® assay conditions may be modified by altering the reagent components, and changing the amplification temperatures and conditions. The skilled artisan would understand that the teachings of this disclosure provide guidance to design such TAQMAN® assays for the detection of any SNP markers disclosed herein. For example; TAQMAN® assays for the detection of the phytophthora resistance SNP markers of Gmax7×198_(—)656813 (SEQ ID NO:151), NCSB_(—)000559 (SEQ ID NO:150), SNP18196 (SEQ ID NO:152), NCSB_(—)000575 (SEQ ID NO:153), Gmax7×259_(—)44054 (SEQ ID NO:154), SNP18188 (SEQ ID NO:155), Gmax7×259_(—)98606 (SEQ ID NO:156), BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628 (SEQ ID NO:157), and NCSB_(—)000582 (SEQ ID NO:159) are within the scope of the current disclosure.

While aspects of this invention have been described in certain embodiments, they can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of embodiments of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which these embodiments pertain and which fall within the limits of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in a soybean plant, the method comprising: isolating nucleic acid molecules from a soybean plant; and, screening the isolated nucleic acid molecules for a marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant, wherein the marker is genetically linked to a marker selected from the group consisting of NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582 and the presence of the marker is indicative of phytophthora resistance in the soybean plant.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant is in soybean linkage group N.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecules are genomic DNA.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein screening the isolated nucleic acid molecules for a marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant is performed using competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in the soybean plant is Rps1-k.
 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising determining the genotype of the soybean plant for the marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant.
 7. A soybean plant identified by the method according to claim
 6. 8. A plant comprising the at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in a soybean plant of claim 1, wherein the plant is not a soybean plant.
 9. A method for producing a phytophthora resistant soybean plant, the method comprising: crossing a soybean plant having the trait of phytophthora resistance with a soybean plant from a soybean plant of interest; using marker-assisted selection to identify an F₁ soybean plant comprising a marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant having the trait of phytophthora resistance, wherein the marker is genetically linked to a marker selected from the group consisting of NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582, and the F₁ soybean plant has any desirable traits of the soybean plant of interest; and, propagating the identified F₁ soybean plant, thereby producing an phytophthora resistant soybean plant.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant having the trait of phytophthora resistance is in soybean linkage group N.
 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant having the trait of phytophthora resistance is on soybean chromosome number
 3. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the soybean plant of interest is a phytophthora susceptible soybean plant.
 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein marker-assisted selection is performed using competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.
 14. A phytophthora resistant soybean plant produced by the method according to claim
 9. 15. A method for introducing phytophthora resistance to a soybean plant, the method comprising introducing a marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in soybean into a phytophthora susceptible soybean plant.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the marker linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in soybean plant is selected from the group consisting of NCSB_(—)000559, Gmax7×198_(—)656813, SNP18196, NCSB_(—)000575, Gmax7×259_(—)44054, SNP18188, Gmax7×259_(—)98606, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18628, BARC_(—)064351_(—)18631, and NCSB_(—)000582.
 17. A nucleic acid probe substantially identical to a probe selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:150, SEQ ID NO:151, SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO:153, SEQ ID NO:154, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO:156, SEQ ID NO:157, SEQ ID NO:158, and SEQ ID NO:159.
 18. A nucleic acid probe that is specifically hybridizable to a stretch of contiguous nucleotides in the soybean genome comprising base pair 2,904,738 to 4,547,450 on chromosome
 3. 19. A method for producing a phytophthora resistant plant, the method comprising: introducing into a plant of interest at least one means for providing phytophthora resistance in soybean, thereby producing an phytophthora resistant plant.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising propagating the plant of interest.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the plant of interest is a legume.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the plant of interest is selected from the group consisting of soybean, green beans, snap beans, dry beans, red beans, lima beans, mung beans, bush beans, Adzuki beans, garden peas, and cowpeas.
 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein screening the isolated nucleic acid molecules comprises polymerase chain reaction.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein polymerase chain reaction is performed using at least two primers and at least one probe that are capable of specifically hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:150, SEQ ID NO:151, SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO:153, SEQ ID NO:154, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO:156, SEQ ID NO:157, SEQ ID NO:158, and SEQ ID NO:159.
 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein polymerase chain reaction is performed using at least two primers and at least one probe that are capable of specifically hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:158.
 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the primers and probes comprise primers and probes selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:146, SEQ ID NO:147, SEQ ID NO:148, and SEQ ID NO:149.
 27. A plant identified by the method according to claim
 23. 28. The plant of claim 27, wherein the plant is a soybean plant.
 29. A method for identifying a plant comprising at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in a soybean plant, the method comprising: isolating nucleic acid molecules from a plant; and, contacting the isolated nucleic acid molecules with means for identifying soybean plants having the phytophthora resistance phenotype to produce a detectable signal that is indicative of the presence of at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in a soybean plant within the plant.
 30. A method for transferring at least one determinant of phytophthora resistance in a soybean plant, the method comprising: analyzing with probes that are specifically hybridizable to at least one marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant the genomic DNA of a first plant with a donor genotype and the DNA of a second plant with a recipient genotype; sexually crossing the two parental plant genotypes to obtain a progeny population; analyzing the progeny population for the presence of the at least one marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant; backcrossing an individual from the progeny population that comprises the at least one marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant to the recipient genotype to produce a next generation population; determining if a member of the next generation population comprises a desired trait from the recipient genotype and the marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant or; and, if no member of the next generation population comprises the desired trait from the recipient genotype and the marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant, repeating steps (d) and (e) until an individual is identified that comprises the desired trait from the recipient genotype and the marker that is linked to the phytophthora resistance phenotype in the soybean plant.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein individual progeny obtained in each crossing and backcrossing step are selected by phytophthora marker analysis at each generation.
 32. A method of identifying a soybean plant that displays resistance to phytophthora infestation, the method comprising detecting in germplasm of the soybean plant at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582; and, the at least one allele is associated with phytophthora resistance.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000575 and Gmax7×259_(—)44054.
 34. A soybean plant identified by the method of claim
 1. 35. A method of identifying a soybean plant that displays resistance to phytophthora infestation, the method comprising detecting in germplasm of the soybean plant a haplotype comprising alleles at one or more marker loci, wherein: the one or more marker loci are located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582; and, the haplotype is associated with phytophthora resistance.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more marker loci are located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000575 and Gmax7×259_(—)44054.
 37. A soybean plant identified by the method of claim 35, wherein the soybean plant comprises within its germplasm a haplotype associated with phytophthora resistance wherein the haplotype comprises alleles at one or more marker loci located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582.
 38. A method of marker assisted selection comprising: obtaining a first soybean plant having at least one allele of a marker locus, wherein the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582 and the allele of the marker locus is associated with phytophthora resistance; crossing the first soybean plant to a second soybean plant; evaluating the progeny for the at least one allele; and, selecting progeny plants that possess the at least one allele.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000575 and Gmax7×259_(—)44054.
 40. A soybean progeny plant selected by the method of claim 38 wherein the plant has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by NCSB_(—)000559 and NCSB_(—)000582. 